Notes & Queries 2000
East Anglian Waits
I am working my way through the Malone Society’s collections volume XI with a view toextracting references to Waits in Norfolk and Suffolk and posting them on this site. As ataster, I give you the following extract from the preface to the section on GreatYarmouth:
One wait, William Manning, moonlighted as a town mole-catcher, and the Churchwardens’Accounts show that, between 1575 and 1589, he caught over eight hundred moles, for whichhe was paid a penny apiece.
Chris Gutteridge.
World’s First Rock Festival
Another fascinating snippet from the Malone Society concerns the West Norfolk village ofSnettisham. Although irrelevant to the direct subject of Waits, I felt I had to share itwith you:
Snettisham can lay claim to having the world’s first ‘rock festival’, which dates in theserecords [the Church Wardens accounts, held at the Norfolk Record Office] from 1474.Whatever the tradition behind this Rockfeste1 was, it seems not tohave been much different from modern ones, featuring as it did music and dancing. It was asource of considerable income to the church. [e.g. 1476 Item receptum de nortanhyllRockfeste vijs]
1 Mr R. F. Hill suggests ‘Feast of Fools’ (rock = rook, fool).
Chris Gutteridge.
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Bagpipe Website
Hello James,
My name is Aron Garceau, I’m the fellow you met on Church Street in Burlington, Vermont,USA last Christmas time and we struck up a conversation about the pictures I had beencollecting on bagpipes, etchings, paintings, etc. Well it is long past the time Isaid I would e-mail (and probably right back into your busiest season) but I wanted to let you know of a web page which I am in the middleof creating at http://www.prydein.com/pipes where I have putmy collection on the web. I’ve been e-mailing many of my pictures to Julian Goodacre and realized how much easier it would be if I put them onthe web and he could choose from them all himself without having to download ones which hemight already have. I have not found another page on the whole internet like thisone and hope that this helps out people in their own searches. It also helps mefulfill all those promises I made to show people the pictures which I have found. In any case, please visit the site and feel free to tell me what youthink. If you have a page where you could provide a link I would be mostappreciative and I will be adding a link on my page to the York Waits page. Myknowledge in this area is still limited so any guidance you can give me would be helpfuland I thank you again and look forward to a time when we can meet again.
Thank you,
Aron Garceau.]]>
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Aron,
We need this, it’s very exciting. We can keep you fed with material as long as you’rewilling to do the work, and eventually the collection can become a very important resourcefor research and discussion. Each pic. could have its own text, provided as it becomesavailable, and there are already a number of discussions in the pages of the Bagpipe Soc.journal which I’m sure you could copy and add to your site. Let’s talk about it and keepit going.
I was wondering if I’d hear from you, and I’m really pleased you’ve pushed the boat out.You’re welcome to any stuff I have, including images of all the English 2-chanter bagpipesI’ve found so far.
I trust Burlington is still as splendid as we remember it. We had a great time in the USAand plan to be back soon, so keep an eye (ear) out for us.
These chance meetings can be very creative!
Happy Christmas,
James Merryweather.
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Lincoln Waits
Can anyone help with information re. Lincoln Waits – history etc. My students would like to research for their Drama in Community theatre history module, but have sofar drawn a blank on sources.If anyone knows of books / references etc. would be verygrateful for help!
A. Duncombe
Drama dept.
Bishop Grosseteste College.]]>
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Waits’ Song
25th November, 2000.
I have just come across a Christmas carol entitled ‘Waits’ song‘. Is this genuine? I mean onceyouve stripped away the Victorian harmonies, and disregarding the words to someextent? And have I already come across it and forgotten it? Or is it an example oflate-Victorian “Merrie Englande” pastiche?
It comes from a book of carols that one of my Waites has borrowed for me to look at,claiming to range in age from the 5th century up to the 1880s. The first four pagesare missing, and the cover is blank, so no help there.
Chris Gutteridge.
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29th November, 2000
I asked myself the same question when I discovered this! ‘The moon shines bright’ from ‘TwoHundred Folk Carols’ edited by Sir Richard R. Terry Mus.D., F.R.C.O. published London byBurns Oates & Washbourne Ltd, 1933. Looks like a job for incorporation in a paper Iplan on waits so-called signature tunes. The tune sounds real enough.
James Merryweather.
Have just noticed that the Oxford Waits have recorded theabove song on their CD ‘Hey for Christmas’ BEJOCD-31 – Chris.
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Domain Names
Please note that as well as this site (www.waits.org.uk) both The York Waits (www.theyorkwaits.org.uk)and King’s Lynn Waites (www.lynnwaites.co.uk)have new domain names. Both are also in the process of being completely updated. Watchthis space for further news!
LondonWaits & Barges
Something to add to your picture of the London Waits on the Lord Mayor’s barge is thissong from Pills to Purge Melancholy. I include 4 pages oftune and words and the title page plus a blow-up of the relevant verse. Howoften do we come across the waits in the 18th c. just called The City Music or The Music?[see my note on The Waits in Samuel Pepys’ Diary, below – Chris] I think we’re on strongground to reckon The Music is the waits – playing Cuckolds all arow. There is a version inPills and it’s in one of my volumes, but I can’t find it. When I do I’ll send a copy ofthat too. It’s not the same as the Playford.
Also a little pic. of a typical 18th c. waits band of 3 oboes & 2 bassoons, just as inYork. [see pictures]
James Merryweather 11.10.00.
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Deutscher Schalmei
I’ve been to Bradford to reed up a “Deutscher Schalmei” Iswapped for an old soprano shawm a few years ago. What it is is probably what those mid17th C.Westminster waits are playing in the Magdalene College picture [see pictures] and as described by JamesTalbot in 1695, presumably from the English instrument viewpoint. (Baines. Galpin Soc. J.1948, I 9-26). It seems to be the missing link between the shawm and the oboe, both ininstrument terms and of relevance to the waits’ story.
James Merryweather 13.10.00
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Gilded Badges.
From: Dr Alan Radford]]>
Sent: 07 September 2000 13:16
Subject: Leeds Waits badges
The original Leeds waits badges are silver (no trace of gilt).
Al
The York badges show no sign of gilding either, but the records state that theywere regilded from time to time.
James Merryweather 10.09.00.
The King’s Lynn chains and scutcheons are thoroughly gilded, and yet there’s no mention ofthem being gilded in the records! I wonder what (if anything) all this proves?
Chris Gutteridge 10.09.00.
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New History!
I am in the process of updating the history pages on my King’s LynnWaites website, including fresh information kindly passed to me by James Cummings who isresearching for his thesis on entertainers around the Wash. This is exciting stuff aboutearly Waits especially the fourteenth century minstrel, Wait and ‘vigilatori’ WilliamWilde – including the purchase of a trumpet (or tuba, or claryon – it is refered to as allthree) for him for the large sum of one mark (13shillings & fourpence). ChrisGutteridge.
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Oxford Waits
The newly revived Oxford Waits have not only given a very successful first concert (seereview on their website) buttogether with the excellent Mellstock Band they have issued their first CD. Called ‘Hey for Christmas’ (BEJOCD-31), itis issued by Beautiful Jo Records and consists ofseasonal songs and carols from the Bodleian Library’s collections of 30,000 BroadsideBallads, which are available on the internet at http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/ballads/ . Italso includes a multimedia program for Windows PCs giving illustrations of the originalballads and explanations of the Bodleian collection and how to use it.
Although concentrating more on the extracurricular activities of Waits rather than theircivic duties, the Oxford Waits, all of them fine musicians, are an authenticallyrumbustious crew, and the CD provides a thoroughly enjoyable glimpse into the world ofBroadside Ballads. Ideal for those who like to start their Christmas shopping early toavoid the rush! You can get in touch with the Oxford Waits’ leader, Tim Healey, by clicking]]> and they have their own page on theBeautiful Jo Music site at http://www.bejo.co.uk/bejo/html/artWaits.htm.
For details of excellent recordings of a traditional Waits shawm band, visit TheYorkWaits website.
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Waits’ badges
James,
Three original badges of The Leeds Waits may be seen in the civic silver of the City ofLeeds, in the display cases outside the Lord Mayor’s Banqueting Chamber in Leeds CivicHall. As I recall, they went through
a period of private ownership, but were recognised by a sharp-eyed antiquarian from thepicture in Wardell’s Municipal History, bought and donated back to the City.
We wear copies, made from a cast taken from one of the originals by Peter Brears when hewas Director of Museums for the city. There is no indication of what they originally hungfrom. We wear them on scarlet ribbons because we have to use something.
Waits of the world, unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains!
Al
From: Dr Alan Radford]]>
Leeds Waits website: http://www.btinternet.com/~alan.radford
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Lord Mayor of London’s Barge
8 June 2000
Dear Chris, Here is the picture of the Lord Mayor of London’s barge of 1805, which I spoke to you about. [see picturespage] The accompanying text doesn’t say much about the event, except for mentioningthat there were bands on the barges of the livery companies, as well as the Lord Mayor’sbarge. They may well have hired bandsmen from the various volunteer corps or militia ofLondon, or else private bands. But in the case of the Lord Mayor’s barge, the musiciansmust surely have been the City Waits (if they were still in existence in 1805). Presumablythe ensemble would have been limited in number by the restricted space on the stern of thebarge; but they still managed the standard waits’ quintet (not the classical wind sextetor octet, which I mentioned when writing about the Lynn Association’s band [see picturesfor this band, too]). It’s interesting to see that the ensemble has been augmented by along drum/bass drum – not a very Wait-like instrument! The drummer seems to be wearing atop hat (normal headgear for many volunteer units) and scarlet coat. The costumes suggesttwo options to me:
a. the Waits had been augmented by a percussionist from a local military band, not havingone in their usual line-up. (The precedent was already in use in the 18th century, whenHandel frequently borrowed the Royal Artillery’s great kettle-drums for performances).
b. The Waits were no longer in existence, and the Corporation would hire militarybandsmen, dressing them for the occasion in Waits costumes, which seem to be bicorn hatsand red caped coats/cloaks (similar to Beadles’ outfits). The drummer would retain hisregimental uniform, as playing the bass drum in a voluminous coat would be rather awkward.As far as I know, this is the last surprise that I have in my archives – but you neverknow!
Kind regards,
David Jackson.
[David is an expert on Military Bands and Ceremonial Costumes. He plays flugelhorn in King’s Lynn Town Band and pipe and tabor for King’s Lynn Morris Dancers. He hasbeen very generous in sharing the contents of his large personal archives with us.] See also Lord Mayor’s Triumphs
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What is a Wait?
There seems to be confusion in some circles as to what a Wait is or was.The noun Waitcomes from the same root as the verb to wait (Old French waitier, to lurk and/orold German waiten, to wake). The general opinion seems to be that Waits startedout as City or Town gatekeepers and night-watchmen, who were issued with, or suppliedthemselves with a musical instrument – usually a shawm, also known as a wait-pipe – withwhich to sound alarms or to signal that all was well.
By the end of the fourteenth century, they were minstrels who played for civic functions,religious services and for private functions. They also acted as night-watchmen, touringthe streets, playing their instruments and calling out the hours and the weather, etc.This would seem an intolerable nuisance to present-day town dwellers, but attitudes tosleep have changed, and citizens were no doubt comforted by the knowledge that the Waitswere trudging the streets in the cold and dark, ensuring that all was peaceful, whilstthey were snug in bed.
Other important functions of Waits were as an alarm clock on dark winter mornings, torouse the town; and to welcome important visitors at the town gates. They would also, fora fee, play a ‘Hunts-up’ outside the bedroom windows of visitors and private individualswho needed an early-morning call, and they called on wealthy visitors to the town andplayed outside their lodgings in the hope of remuneration.
When not required for their civic duties, Waits would often go on tour, visiting thecountry seats of the aristocracy, and playing in towns which lacked Waits of their own,sometimes helping out with civic ceremonies.
For their civic and watch-keeping duties, the Waits played loud, or ‘haut’ instruments -principally shawms, and later sackbuts, curtals, cornetts, etc. but for other occasionsthey played whatever was suitable – string instruments, pipes, bagpipes, etc.
The following poem, written in the latter half of the seventeenth century, gives a fairdescription of Waits’ duties:
The publick waites who liveryes do own,
And badges of a City, or some Town,
Who are retaind in constant Yearly pay,
Do at their solemn publick meetings play.
And up and down the Streets, and Town in cold
Dark nights, when thInstruments they can scarce hold
They play about, and tell what hour it is,
And weather too, this Course they do not miss,
Most part of Winter, in the Nights; and when
Some generous Persons come to Town, these Men
As soon as theyre Informd, do then repair
Unto their Lodgings play them some fine Ayre
Or brisk new tune, such as themselues think fit,
And which they hope, with th Gallants fancies hit,
They cry God Bless you Sirs; again then play,
Expecting Money, eer they go away.
(Pecunia obediunt omnia.)
Anon. c.1680
The importance of Waits is clear from the amount of money expendedon them by Town Councils. Apart from their wages, they were supplied with uniforms,usually skirted coats (see The York Waits andKing’s Lynn Waites websites for illustrations),and with collars, which consisted of a chain with a scutcheon of the Town’s arms, usuallyin silver; and later with silver arm-badges. These collars were very valuable, sometimescosting the equivalent of two years’ wages, and some surviving examples are illustrated onour ‘Cognizances’ page.
Although their importance diminished in the second half of the eighteenth century, Waitscontinued in office in many towns until their abolition by the Corporations Act of 1835.From then onwards, at Christmas, groups of itinerant musicians or enthusiastic amateurs,often of dubious artistic merit, appropriated the title of Waits as they went aboutplaying and singing carols, often demanding money with menaces and having pitched battleswith rival bands, thus bringing the name of Waits into disrepute.
Chris Gutteridge
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Pfifferstag?
The following passage is from Tennevin N & Texier M (1951). Dances of France II:Provence and Alsace. London, Max Parrish & Co. p. 18.
The Germanic fife was one of the Alsatian instruments also. When brass instrumentscame into use the excellent brass bands which sound throughout our country came intobeing, to enliven all our festivities. The violin, the mouth organ and the accordion arenot much in favour, finding their sphere in little fêtes and parties only. Our bandmusicians have a fête of their own, the Pfifferstag (Fifers Day), which iscelebrated with brilliancy at Ribeauvillé and in other places, and dates back to 1390.
Pfifferstag might well be Fifers Day. Alsace is attached to Switzerland, where thefife is supposed to have been a popular military instrument. However, the authors mighthave misinterpreted the early use of Pfiffer in the light of modern understanding, acommon practice – such as the presumption that the sackbut was played in the Holy Land2000 plus years ago because it gets a mention in the King James Bible! If as ancient acustom as claimed, it might also be Peiffers, Pipers, Shawm-players Dayor even Stadtpfeiffers (Waits) Day.
Is there any clearer information available about such days around Europe?
Replies to]]>
My guess is that this “Pfiffer” is the same word as theGerman/Dutch “piper”, “pijper”, “pfeifer”. In theNetherlands the word “piper” was used for the shawm players. For instance,in 1415 something has been written about “der stat pipers van Antwerpen”, thecity pipers of Antwerp. Is there any clearer information available about such daysaround Europe? Some time ago I have heard or seen something about meetings like thisPfifferstag in Mons/Bergen, Belgium. I will try to find more about this.
Hans Mons]]>
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Spellinge.
People keep asking me, “How do you spell Waites?” The short answer is that Ispell it Waites. The whole concept of spelling is a relatively modern invention. Theaccepted modern spelling of the word is Waits, and the York Waits recognise this in theirtitle, but use the spelling Waites when referring to their historical predecessors. In theHall Books at King’s Lynn Town Hall, there are references to Waites, Waytes, Whaites,Whaytes and Waits among others, but the most popular spelling, both in Lynn andnationally, seems to have been Waites. I realise none of this clears the matter up, but Ihope it explains the confusion!
Chris Gutteridge
3rd June 2001
Just to add to the confusion, I have recently been looking through the Malone Society’svolume on Norfolk and Suffolk, and can add the following variations on the spelling ofWaits: Weytys, Wayghtes, Wette, Wayt and Waytt. Chris.
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From: Hans Mons]]>
Last Friday I have visited the workshop of Martin Praetorius in Beedenbostel close toCelle in Germany. A beautiful area where his workshop is located in an oldfarmhouse. Pictures made in his workshop can found on
www.hansmons.com/dulcians/MP_workshop.htm
Next to playing his dulcians, one of the very interesting things was that Praetorius has along term project to make contrabass dulcians after the one in Augsburg. One of thepictures I made is from the drawing of the Augsburg instrument at the wall. Unfortunately it will take quite some time before he has one ready, he didn’t like to giveany term for that. What probably means it will take a few years. Enjoy the pictures,
Hans
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What sort of Wait?
During my research into the history of the King’s Lynn Waites (see King’s Lynn Waites History), I found this entry in the Calendar of Freemen of Lynn, held at True’s Yard Museum inKing’s Lynn:-
|
1674-1675 |
Jarvis Grant, Wait of the Custom House, purchased freedom. |
|
John Craddock, Wait of the Custom House, purchased freedom. |
These were not members of the Town Waites. The question is, were they musicians, or justwatchmen, or what? Has anyone else met anything similar?
Chris Gutteridge.
Dear Chris,
It was interesting to read your letter concerning the ‘waits’ at the Custom House. I feelthe term ‘waits’ refers to an officer called a ‘waiter’ or ‘tide-waiter’. The’tide-waiter’ as the name implies, waited on the tide to board vessels on their firstarrival to ensure that no goods were landed without duty payment. As you will see on thehand written officers’ list for 1724 at Lynn Custom House, the waiter was paid £8.15s perannum. My main interest in the Custom’s records relates to items on the local building.Copies of letters sent from London to Lynn can be found under the heading CUST 96 at theRecord Office at Kew, where there are some Seventeenth Century books. Others; 1701-1764and 1811 – 1914. As the London Custom House was destroyed by fire in the early NineteenthCentury, the corresponding Lynn to London documents are lost.
Somewhere I have some notes on other Customs records and when I locate them I will forwardcopies to you.
I enjoyed looking at your website.
Yours Sincerely, David Pitcher.
Lady Day 1724
|
Customer Henry Hare to officiate as Collectorfor his patent |
£5.00 |
|
|
Surveyor |
Alexander Gamble |
£15.00 |
|
Rc’d Surveyor from Wells to Lynn |
Robert Cobbe |
£15.00 |
|
Waiters & Searchers |
Lawrence Turner |
£8.15s |
|
Phillip Hart |
||
|
Tidesmen |
John Key |
£3.15s |
|
John Lachen |
||
|
Boatmen |
Rob. Everard |
each £6.5s with incidents |
|
Jasper Bayley |
||
|
TheSmack |
Robert Day |
£7.10s |
|
Mate |
Joseph Keats |
£6.5s |
|
3 Mariners |
each |
£3.15s |
|
a boy |
£3.5s |
|
|
Victualing 6 men |
at …. each total |
£17.2.21/4 |
The Waits in Samuel Pepys’Diary
Historical references to Waits are few and far between, and the same is true in SamuelPepys’ diary. The reason may be the same in both cases: that Waits were so much a part ofeveryday life as to not require comment. Another reason in Pepys’ case, however, may wellbe that the Waits were not recovered following the interregnum.
The reason that Waits rarely appear in Town Council records during the interregnum is notso much because of ‘puritanical’ views about music. Puritans were against music in church,but not against music as such. Oliver Cromwell enjoyed listening to his personal band ofmusicians as much as any other ruler of England. However, the times were ‘out of joint’,and much of local government was in disarray, so that non-essentials such as Waits wereoften the first to have their salaries stopped.
We can probably assume that during the diary period (1660-1669), many Waits were stillrecovering from their years in the wilderness, and may well have consisted of old men andtheir apprentices, with few musicians in their prime. We should probably keep this in mindwhen reading Pepys’ sometimes disparraging comments on Waits, together with the fact thathe was himself an accomplished amateur musician, singer and composer and had access to thevery finest music in the land, at court, in the London churches, and in the Londontheatres.
In fact, Pepys only refers to Waits by name once in the diary, which leads one to wonder what otherreferences to Waits we might discover if we widened our search to include ‘Town Music’ andother such phrases.
The first reference is during a trip to his country house at Brampton, near Huntingdon. Onthe way home to London, he spent the night at the Bear Inn in Cambridge.
15 October 1662 ……but waked very earely, and when it was time did call up Will andwe rose; and Musique (with a Bandore for the Base) did give me a Levett,1 andso we got ready….
On a visit to the well on Epsom Downs, Pepys thinks he has heard the Waits, but finds he is mistaken:
27 July 1663 …. There was at a distance, under one of the trees on the common, a company got together that sung; I, at that distance, and so all the rest, being a quarter of a mile off, took them for the waytes; so I rid up to them and find them only voices – some Citizens, met by chance, that sing four or five parts excellently. I have not been more pleased with a snapp of Musique, considering the circumstances of the time and place, in all my life anything so pleasant….
When Pepys got himself invited to the Lord Mayor’s Day banquet, he didn’t think much of the musical entertainment. It would appear that he was expecting the City of London Waits, but they didn’t perform.
29th October 1663 …. I expected Musique, but there was none; but only trumpets and drums, which displeased me.
At Christmas in 1666 Pepys is awoken by the King’s Trumpets, expecting payment – something which we normally associate with Waits, and which gave rise to the term “Christmas Waits”.
27 December 1666 Up, and called up by the King’s Trumpets, which cost me 10s.
A period of five years elapses before Pepys mentions the Cambridge Waits again, on another visit toCambridge (he never mentions the London or Westminster Waits), but they have not improved.This time he is staying at The Rose.
9 October 1667 Up, and got ready and eat our breakfast and then took coach; and thepoor, as they did yesterday, did stand at the coach to have something given them, as theydo to all great persons, and I did give them something; and the town musique did also comeand play; but Lord, what sad music they made – however, I was pleased with them, being allof us in very good humour….
On the same visit, whilst staying at Brampton, Pepys records a visit from HuntingdonWaits, who obviously thought the three mile walk each way worth the effort for the chanceof extracting a gratuity from him.
11 October 1667 ….. But before we went out, the Huntington music came to me andplayed, and it was better then that of Cambridge.
In June of the next year, Pepys and his wife went on holiday to the West country. Only hisrough notes survive from this trip. On Saturday, 13th June 1668 he was in Bath,experiencing the hot springs:
Carried back wrap in a sheet and in a chair2 home and there one afteranother thus carried (I staying above two hours in the water) home to bed sweating for anhour and by and by comes music to play to me extraordinary good as ever I heard at Landon almost anywhere _________ } 0-5-0
On Monday, 15th June they came to Marlborough and stayed at The Hart:
….. My wife pleased with all this evening reading of Mustapha3 tome till supper and then to supper and had music whose innocence pleased me and I did givethem________________ 0-3-0
On Tuesday, 16th June, they dined at Newbery:
….and music which a song of the old Courtier of Q. Eliz. and how he was changed uponthe coming in of the King did please me mightily and I did cause WH to write it out4________________ 0-3-6
They spent that night in Reading, and on the next morning, 17th June, they were given a huntsup, but Pepys was less than impressed:
Music the worst have had came to our chamber door but calling us by wrong names we gave them nothing
In the Autumn of the same year, Pepys records the following piece of gossip about theKing’s and the court’s debaucheries whilst on a progress in East Anglia:
23 October 1668 …..How the King and these gentlemen did make the fiddlers of Thetford, this last progress, to sing them all the bawdy songs they could think of. ….
1 LEVETT: reveille, reveille music. (known to Waits as ‘A Hunts-up’)
2 a Bath Chair.
3 Mustapha; a tragedy by the Earl of Orrery
4 ‘The Queen’s Old Courtier’ (and other titles) sung on a single note. It was not the oldcourtier but his son who in James I’s time was ‘changed’ (i.e. came to typify a new stylein manners and morals). See C.M.Simpson, Brit. broadside ballad, pp. 591+.
Chris Gutteridge